Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams)

    The 5 Ms (used in manufacturing)
    The 8 Ps (used in product marketing)
    The 4 or 5 Ss (used in service industries)








5M Models

    Manpower / mind power (physical or knowledge work, includes: kaizens, suggestions)
    Machine (equipment, technology)
    Material (includes raw material, consumables, and information)
    Method (process)
    Measurement / medium (inspection, environment)

These have been expanded by some to include an additional three, and are referred to as the 8M

    Mission / mother nature (purpose, environment)
    Management / money power (leadership)
    Maintenance

The 8P (used in product marketing)

This common model for identifying crucial attributes for planning in product marketing is often also used in root-cause analysis as categories for the Ishikawa diagram

    Product (or service)
    Price
    Place
    Promotion
    People (personnel)
    Process
    Physical evidence (proof)
    Performance

The 4 or 5 Ss (used in service industries)

An alternative used for service industries, uses four categories of possible cause

    Surroundings
    Suppliers
    Systems
    Skill
    Often an important 5th S is added - Safety

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