Coping with the Energy Challenge The IEC's role from 2010 to 2030

Section 1 – Problem statement 7
1.1 Economy 8
1.2 Population 8
1.3 Energy demand 8
1.4 Distribution of the population and energy demand by region 8
1.5 Distribution by type of energy produced 8
1.6 Distribution by type of energy used 9
1.7 Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 9
1.8 The challenge 10
Section 2 – Framework for solutions 11
2.1 Parameters for the response 12
2.2 Targets for action 12
CO2 = P x [E / P] x [CO2 / E]
2.3 Levers available 13
2.4 Perspectives for evolution 15
Section 3 – Energy efficiency 17
3.1 Energy efficiency: a definition 18
3.2 The current electrical energy chain 18
3.3 Fossil-fuel power generation 20
3.4 Co-generation (combined heat and power, CHP) 21
3.5 Fuel cells, including uses in combination with CHP & coal gasification 21
3.6 Transmission and distribution (T&D) 22
3.7 Use of electricity in buildings 22
3.8 Use of electricity in industry 24
3.9 Electrification of transport 25
Section 4 – Reducing carbon dioxide emissions – "decarbonization" 27
4.1 Renewable energies (RE) 28
4.2 Nuclear generation 29
4.3 CO2 (carbon) capture and storage (CCS) 30
Section 5 – Are these measures enough? A sensitivity analysis 31
5.1 Business as usual 32
5.2 Improvements using immediate technologies from Sections 3 and 4 32
5.3 More aggressive strategies in electricity generation and other areas 33
5.4 Results of the sensitivity analysis 33
Section 6 – Redesign: the future energy chain 35
6.1 The need for redesign and the role of reference architectures 36
6.2 Grid architectures 36
6.3 Energy and electricity end-use architectures 38
6.4 Energy and electricity storage 41
6.5 Micro-grids 42
6.6 Issues raised by the future energy chain 42
Section 7 – Critical success factors for implementing solutions 45
Section 8 – Recommendations 47
8.1 Recommended evolution in the IEC's fundamental orientation 48
8.2 General recommendations 49
8.3 Detailed recommendations 51
8.4 Technology list 52
Annexes 55
Annex A – World primary energy demand by fuel in the Reference Scenario 56
Annex B – Scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions and temperature rise 57
Annex C – Energy-related CO2 emission reductions in the 550 and 450 Policy Scenarios 58
Annex D – Systematic evaluation of efficiency and CO2 reduction 59
Annex E – Combined-cycle generating plant 62
Annex F – Integrated coal gasification and fuel cell, IGFC 63
Annex G – Analysis of energy use in buildings – some figures 64
Annex H – Example of a reference architecture for material handling 68
Annex J – Generation IV nuclear energy 69
Annex K – Carbon capture and storage 70
Annex L – Sensitivity analysis of CO2 reduction measures 71
Annex M – The DESERTEC project

Register to see link

You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login