What is cable corkscrewing problem ?

Cable corkscrewing is exactly what it sounds like—damage to a cable that causes it to look just like a corkscrew, with small tight twists rather than a circular, smooth design. It occurs most often in motion applications, where constant flexing and repetitive motions can cause stress and deform the cable, often destroying the core.
igus cable corkscrewing
An example of cable corkscrewing. Image courtesy of igus

As a cable moves within a cable carrier or on a robot arm, for example, its conductors also move, shifting from the original stranding design. These displaced conductors also damage the jacket, causing both internal and external cable components to become twisted.

The primary cause for this problem is in how the cables are designed. Cables that are bundled rather than layered tend to have less corkscrewing issues. Layering a cable is easy, as the conductors are simply placed around the core in a circular fashion. But this means these conductors shift and compress easily, releasing torsional stress. Bundled designs feature more inner strength and stability.

In addition, core design and jacketing can help prevent corkscrewing. The stronger and more tensile the core, the less likely it will bend and twist as the cable is subjected to continuous motion. Having a reinforced jacket that firmly holds the cable together is also key to maintaining cable design.

Finally, installation can impact a cable's life. If not allowed to lie within the cable track or robotic arm the natural way, it tends to twist out of its natural shape. In addition, securing a cable too tightly or too much can cause it to quickly bend out of shape.



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Corkscrewing Failures

Excessive Tension - Excessive tension on the cable can cause the conductors to be pulled out of their "lay." Once conductors are pulled out of their lay, they are no longer properly configured within the cable build, and the cable will begin to corkscrew. This may lead to the cable core puncturing through the jacket.

Bend Radius - Too tight of a bend radius will lead to cable corkscrewing. It is important to follow the cable manufacturers' recommended minimum bend radius.

Insufficient Spacing in Cat-Tracks -Installing cables without proper spacing in cat-tracks can cause cables to corkscrew. If the cables are not provided with enough room to freely move in the track, corkscrewing may occur.

Cable Alignment - If the cable is not properly aligned within an application, for example using multiple pulleys, deformation of the cable can occur.

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What is corkscrewing and how is it caused?

A cable is said to have corkscrewed when repeated motion or handling alters its appearance from nominally straight to undulated, looking something like a traditional corkscrew. The cause of the corkscrewed appearance is shifting or migration of conductors from their original position to a new position, causing other elements to be displaced and resulting in a corkscrew appearance.



The upper cable shows significant corkscrewing, while the lower cable has just begun to corkscrew.

Don't underestimate the Quiet Zone

The "quiet zone" is a length of cable as it exits the cable tray where the cable is supported and can keep free from turns and small radius bends. It's widely understood that when a multi-conductor cable is bent at a 180° angle, the conductors located at the inside the bend radius will be compressed (i.e. getting shorter) while the conductors on the outside of the bend radius will be expanding (i.e. getting longer). Now consider these forces of compression and expansion in a dynamic environment where they are traveling back and forth down the cable as the cable is also under rolling flex. What many people don't realize is that these forces are not as localized as at the bend site, but rather these forces can easily travel several feet. The problem occurs when the forces traveling in one direction meet a restriction that stops their natural propagation and reflects them back in the opposite direction. Clamps, connectors, and bends can all cause such restrictions.

Think about dropping a small pebble in the center of a large pool. A small wave will form and ripple in all directions. If the pebble is small enough and the pool big enough, the waves will have completely dissipated before reaching the sides. Now take that same pebble to a kitchen sink and drop it. The resultant waves will travel to the sides of the sink and be reflected in the opposite direction. The former example is the purpose of the quiet zone.

Ideally, forces are naturally attenuated by the structure of the cable before reaching a restriction. But remember that we are not really talking about a single event, but a combination of forces, positions and movement. In most tracks, cables are repeatedly cycled back and forth increasing the possibility that the forces may become additive (and potentially destructive) at any given point. In such a case given all these forces, one or more of the conductors generates excess length. The excess length of these conductors will try to move the cable outward, and the now shorter conductors opposite them will become the new neutral axis of the cable. When this happens, corkscrewing begins and will get worse with each successive flex cycle.

So how long should a quiet zone be to mitigate corkscrewing? Here's where you might get different answers from people. You can find advice saying that quiet zone length should be anywhere from 15 to 50 times the cable OD. In truth, there is no good single value that is optimal for every installation scenario. There are several factors to consider such as the number of conductors, AWG size, shielding, and length of the cable. In short, the heavier, more complex a cable is, the longer the quiet zone needs to be. Especially in longer tracks, avoid cables with more than 2 cabling layers. A run of three, 30-conductor cables is far more forgiving than an installation of two, 45-conductor cables. Conversely, for low conductor count cables, one can maintain a shorter quiet zone.

Be respectful of bend radius specifications

Cable bends, especially tight bends, can restrict a cable's ability to equalize forces between stresses. It is not uncommon for someone to consider how to route and dress out a cable to reach a point of recognition in order to meet the cable bend radius (and quiet zone) specifications. The temptation is to see these specifications as "soft specs" and make a compromise. All too often this can lead to a premature cable failure. What can seem like a good tradeoff in making the installation cheaper and easier can result in machine downtime due to cable failure. In most cases, the cost of downtime and replacement cable assemblies far outweighs the added cost to do it right the first time. If necessary, consider service loops and/or cable supports to dress out the cable on the machine so it meets all installation specifications.

Understand that the cable is only one piece of a complex system

The roles that connectors and clamps can have on the performance of a cable track system are often overlooked. When preparing the cable for connector termination, will the conductors be all cut to the same length or will the length of each be tailored based on where it will be positioned in the connector? Or worse yet, have no standard work established so different operators are doing termination differently from one another? Is the cable being clamped in such a way that the round geometry of the cable core is being distorted? The point here is that when a cable fails, it's quite common to focus on the cable itself and ignore the other aspects of the system. The reality is that all the components in a cable track system must be correctly designed and installed for it to operate reliably for a long time.

So remember, take the necessary steps to ensure your cables maintain longevity and don't take ill-advised short cuts in a futile attempt to cut costs.

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