Definition of a Short Circuit Fault:

A short circuit is a low resistance connection between conductors supplying electrical power to a circuit.
This results in excessive current flow in the power source through a 'short'. When a short circuit occurs,
current in the system increases to an abnormally high value while the system voltage decreases to a low
value. The short rapidly produces electromagnetic forces that send the cables violently repelling against
each other that can damage equipment and injure or even kill personnel.

K-factor calculations



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References:
AS/NZS 3008.1: Electrical installations — Selection of cables, Part 1.1: Cables for alternating voltages up to and including 0.6/1 kV

BS 7671 – 18th Edition The IET Wiring Regulations

IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installations of buildings – Part 5-54: Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Earthing arrangements, protective conductors and protective bonding conductors

IEC 60364-4-43 Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-43: Protection for safety – Protection against overcurrent

Calculation of the minimum cross-section area to withstand short-circuit current